A Modiied 3-Way Tap to Enhance the Stability and Uniformity of Sclerosant Foam.

BACKGROUND: The Tessari method, mixing air with the sclerosant through a 3-way tap and 2 syringes, is the most widely used method to prepare foam in foam sclerotherapy. Uniform foam with smaller bubbles has great clinical significance for venous insufficiency. We aim to modify the traditional 3-way tap to produce more uniform and stable foam with smaller bubbles. METHODS: The traditional 3-way tap was modified by inserting a porous film within its channel. EXPERIMENT DESIGN: the foam was prepared with 2 mL polidocanol plus 8 mL air plus 0.05 mL hyaluronic acid; group 1, foam prepared with 20 quick passes through a traditional 3-way tap; and groups 2-7, foam prepared using the modified 3-way tap, with 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 quick passes, respectively. The uniformity of the foam was observed under optical microscopy, and the size of bubbles quantified using the Nano measurement software. The stability of the foam was evaluated using the foam half-life time. RESULTS: The foam half-life times of groups 1-7 were 306.4, 257.4, 285.6, 304.4, 318.6, 330.2, 331.3 sec, respectively. The modified tap also produced a more uniform distribution of smaller bubbles (group 7) compared with traditional tap (group 1). CONCLUSIONS: Modified 3-way tap enhanced the stability of the sclerosant foam, with a more uniform distribution of smaller bubbles.

Escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em veias safenas magnas e suas tributárias bilateralmente em tempo único / Bilateral foam polidocanol sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins and their tributaries in synchronous procedure

Resumo Contexto A insuficiência venosa crônica é uma entidade com alta prevalência. Os casos avançados apresentam morbidade elevada. Objetivos Avaliar os riscos e benefícios da escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em pacientes que foram submetidos ao tratamento das veias safenas magnas bilateralmente em tempo único. Métodos Foram revistos retrospectivamente 55 pacientes (110 membros) portadores de incompetência bilateral das veias safenas magnas submetidas a tratamento escleroterápico com espuma bilateralmente, em tempo único, usando uma dose máxima de 20 mL de espuma de polidocanol por paciente. Resultados Das 110 safenas analisadas, obteve-se a oclusão de 81 (73,6%) com uma sessão, de 106 (96,3%) com duas sessões e de 110 (100%) com três sessões. Houve oclusão bilateral das safenas magnas em 27 pacientes (50%) em uma sessão, em 34 (62%) em duas sessões e em 55 (100%) em três sessões. De 11 pacientes portadores de úlceras, houve cicatrização total de sete (63%) e parcial de três (27%) 42 dias após a escleroterapia. Houve lipotimia autolimitada e escotomas visuais em um paciente (1,8%) e manchas em três (5,45%); 19 pacientes (34,5%) foram submetidos a punção para drenagem de coágulo retido. Conclusões A escleroterapia com espuma de polidocanol em veias safenas magnas em tempo único mostrou-se uma técnica segura e eficaz em pacientes selecionados.

Abstract Background Chronic venous insufficiency is a highly prevalent disease. Advanced cases have high morbidity. Objectives To evaluate the risks and benefits of foam sclerotherapy in patients who underwent bilateral treatment of the great saphenous veins in a single procedure, in selected cases of advanced venous insufficiency. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 55 patients (110 limbs) with bilateral incompetence of the great saphenous veins who had undergone foam sclerotherapy treatment bilaterally, using a maximum dose of 20 ml of foam per patient and inelastic compression. Results In 81 (73.6%) of the 110 saphenous veins analyzed, occlusion was obtained in the first session. After a second session this figure rose to 106 (96.3%) and all 110 (100%) veins were occluded after three sessions. Bilateral occlusion of the great saphenous veins was achieved in 27 patients (50%) in one session, in 34 (62%) patients in two sessions, and in 55 (100%) patients in three sessions. At 42 days after sclerotherapy, there was complete ulcer healing in seven (63%) of the 11 patients with ulcers and partial healing in 3 (27%) of these patients. One patient (1.8%) had self-limited lipothymia and visual scotomas, 3 patients (5.45%) had skin spots, and 19 patients (34.5%) developed retained intravascular coagulum. Conclusions Bilateral foam sclerotherapy in a synchronous procedure is an option to be considered for treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs.

Elimination of saphenous reflux after tributary sclerotherapy: report of two cases / Abolição do refluxo de safena após escleroterapia de colaterais: relato de dois casos

Abstract Most patients with chronic venous disease (CVD) and reflux in the saphenous vein are treated with saphenous stripping or ablation. The venous hemodynamics approach offers the possibility of treating saphenous reflux without eliminating the saphenous vein. We present 2 cases in which venous reflux was eliminated while preserving the great saphenous vein, after treatment with hemodynamic sclerotherapy using a protocol of synergic use of Dextrose and long pulse Nd YAG 1064 laser. These cases show that treating the tributaries responsible for saphenous reflux can correct hemodynamic imbalances and restore normal flow in the great saphenous vein with improvements in symptoms and esthetics. Long-term results are still uncertain.

Resumo A maioria dos pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica e refluxo na veia safena é tratada com retirada ou ablação da safena. A hemodinâmica venosa traz a possibilidade de tratar esses pacientes sem eliminar a veia safena. Nós apresentamos dois casos de refluxo parcial de veia safena magna resolvidos com escleroterapia hemodinâmica. Usamos um protocolo de uso sinergístico de glicose 75% e Nd-YAG laser 1064. Os casos nos mostram que o tratamento das tributárias pode corrigir o refluxo da veia safena e obter melhora clínica e cosmética. Os resultados de longo prazo ainda são incertos.

Transparent cap-assisted endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for the treatment of patients with esophageal varices.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of cap-assisted endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) versus direct EIS in the management of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis.This retrospective study included patients with cirrhosis and esophageal variceal bleeding who underwent EIS with or without the use of a transparent cap at Shandong Provincial Hospital between December 2014 and April 2017. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (EIS with transparent cap, n = 50) and Group B (direct EIS, n = 45). Data collected included patients' demographics, procedure details, and rates of variceal eradication, variceal rebleeding, variceal recurrence, and survival during the follow-up period. All data were expressed as mean ±â€ŠSD. Quantitative variables were compared with Student t test; qualitative variables were compared with the Fisher exact test or chi-square test. P values less than .05 were considered significant.The mean follow-up duration was similar in both groups (16.3 ±â€Š10.2 mo in Group A and 15.5 ±â€Š9.5 mo in Group B). The volume of sclerosant (64.86 ±â€Š10.62 vs 104.73 ±â€Š21.25 ml, P = .044), mean number of sessions (2.37 ±â€Š1.15 vs 5.70 ±â€Š1.57, P = .042), time required to perform endoscopic treatment (6.57 ±â€Š1.50 vs 11.22 ±â€Š2.29 minutes, P = .049), and time to initial esophageal varices eradication (5.43 ±â€Š1.38 vs 8.93 ±â€Š1.5 wk, P = .041) were significantly smaller in the cap-assisted EIS group than in the direct EIS group. The probability of variceal recurrence and rebleeding was significantly higher in the direct EIS group than in the cap-assisted EIS group (14% versus 35.6% and 20% versus 40%). Only 22 patients (44%) developed complications in the cap-assisted group versus 30 patients (66.7%) in the EIS group (P = .039). The probability of survival was similar in both groups (86% versus 75.6%, P = .133).Modified EIS with the use of a transparent cap resulted in lower rates of esophageal variceal recurrence, rebleeding, and complications, compared with direct EIS.

An Italian experience with mechanochemical ablation of the saphenous vein since 2012.

OBJECTIVE: Mechanochemical endovenous ablation is a nonthermal method to ablate superficial incompetent veins. The aim of this paper was to assess short-term complications and 5-year follow-up outcomes. METHODS: This is a retrospective single-center study of data collected prospectively. We treated, in an outpatient setting, 395 primary, symptomatic, unilateral, incompetent varicose saphenous veins. No patients were treated bilaterally in the same session. The majority were great saphenous veins (92.3%), and the others were small saphenous veins. Procedures were performed with a mechanochemical endovenous occlusion catheter (ClariVein endovenous occlusion catheter; Merit Medical, South Jordan, Utah) and polidocanol 2% in liquid form. RESULTS: Follow-up was available for 329 patients treated between September 2012 and September 2017 with a mean follow-up time of 20 ± 18 months (range, 6-60 months). Technical success was achieved in 99.5%; in two patients, we were unable to complete the procedures because of vein spasm leading to catheter damage and inability to infuse the sclerosant. Follow-up was performed with clinical evaluation and duplex ultrasound scan at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year and then once every year. The overall survival rate free from recanalization was 92.4%. Anatomic success is 94% at 1 year, 91% at 2 years, 88% at 3 years, 88% at 4 years, and 84% at 5 years. The follow-up at 5 years includes 23 patients, 5 of whom presented with recanalization; moreover, in this series, in 36% of cases, the veins completely disappeared on duplex ultrasound scan. CONCLUSIONS: The ClariVein catheter is associated with a good occlusion rate, comparable with other techniques including thermal techniques, without major complications.

Tratamento de linfocele mediante ecoescleroterapia com polidocanol: relato de casos e revisão / Polidocanol echosclerotherapy treatment for lymphocele: case report and review

Resumo A formação de linfocele, resultante da transecção dos canais linfáticos durante procedimentos cirúrgicos ou traumas, é relativamente comum, sendo relatada em aproximadamente 30% dos pós-operatórios de ressecção de linfonodos. Ela pode evoluir assintomática ou pode apresentar complicações, como dor, infecção secundária, compressão de vasos sanguíneos, a qual evolui para estase, trombose e edema. Seu tratamento ainda é de difícil consenso. Este artigo propõe descrever três casos em que o tratamento foi realizado a partir de ecoescleroterapia com polidocanol. Sua relevância está na escassez de relatos na literatura.

Abstract Formation of lymphocele secondary to transection of lymphatic channels during surgical procedures or traumas is relatively common and is reported in the postoperative period of approximately 30% of lymph node resection procedures. The condition may be asymptomatic or can present with complications such as pain, secondary infection, and compression of blood vessels, which can cause stasis, thrombosis, and edema. There is no consensus on treatment. This article describes three cases in which treatment was provided using polidocanol echosclerotherapy. Its relevance lies in the scarcity of reports in the literature.

Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for chronic venous disease with ulcer. A prospective multiple outcome cohort study / Escleroterapia ecoguiada com espuma para doença venosa crônica com úlcera: coorte prospectiva de múltiplos desfechos

Abstract Background Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) is the main cause of chronic leg ulcers. Varicose veins are the most frequent cause of venous leg ulcers (VLU). 50.9% of Brazilian women have varicose veins and ulcer prevalence is as high as 4%. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) is a low-cost treatment option for varicose veins. Objectives To analyze UGFS outcomes in patients with VLU. Methods Prospective consecutive single center cohort study. Patients with great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux and VLU were treated and followed-up for 180 days. The following were studied: quality of life (QoL), disease severity, healing, and elimination of GSV reflux. The Aberdeen questionnaire, a venous clinical severity score, and Duplex scanning (DS) results were analyzed. Results 22 patients aged 35 to 70 years were treated. There was improvement in quality of life, disease severity reduced, and ulcer diameter reduced (p < 0.001; ANOVA). 77.27% of VLU healed completely (95%CI: 59.76-94.78%). The dimensions of 20/22 VLU reduced (90.91%; 95%CI: 78.9-100%). GSV reflux was eliminated in 63.64% (95%CI: 43.54-83.74%). Men had greater QoL benefit and women had more complications. There were no severe complications. The VLU that had healed completely at the end of the study were smaller at baseline than those that did not completely heal. The GSV that were completely occluded at the end of the study were smaller at baseline than those that were not completely occluded (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney). Conclusion The results suggest that most patients benefited from UGFS.

Resumo Contexto A doença venosa crônica (DVC) é a principal causa de úlceras crônicas em membros inferiores. As varizes dos membros inferiores são a causa mais frequente de úlcera venosa (UV). No Brasil, 50,9% das mulheres têm varizes e a prevalência da úlcera chega a 4%. A escleroterapia ecoguiada com espuma (EEE) é uma alternativa de baixo custo para tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores. Objetivos Analisar evolução de portadores de UV tratados com EEE. Métodos Coorte prospectiva e consecutiva em um único serviço. Portadores de UV com veia safena magna (VSM) insuficiente foram acompanhados por 180 dias após EEE. Foram estudadas: qualidade de vida, gravidade da doença, cicatrização e eliminação do refluxo. Foram utilizados questionário Aberdeen, escore clínico venoso e ultrassom Doppler. Resultados Foram tratados 22 pacientes com idade entre 35 a 70 anos. Houve melhora na qualidade de vida, redução da gravidade da doença, e redução dos diâmetros das úlceras (p < 0.001; ANOVA). Houve redução das dimensões em 90,91% das úlceras [intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 78,9-100%], e cicatrização completa em 77,27% (IC95% 59,76-94,78%). O refluxo foi eliminado em 63,64% (IC95% 43,54-83,74%) das VSM. Homens tiveram maior benefício em qualidade de vida, e mulheres apresentaram mais complicações. Não houve complicações graves. As UV completamente cicatrizadas e as VSM que apresentaram oclusão completa apresentavam dimensões inicialmente menores quando comparadas às das UV não completamente cicatrizadas e das VSM não completamente ocluídas (p < 0,05; Mann-Whitney). Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que EEE foi benéfica para a maioria dos pacientes.

Embolización o escleroterapia de venas pelvianas en síndrome de congestión pelviana / Embolization or sclerotherapy of pelvic veins in syndrome of pelvic congestion

CONTEXTO CLÍNICO: El síndrome de congestión pelviana (SCP) es un desorden de la circulación venosa pelviana que causa dolor pelviano en mujeres en edad fértil. Se produce por una dilatación de la vena ovárica y la vena iliaca interna con flujo sanguíneo lento (congestión venosa), fluyo retrógrado y reflujo venoso que son indicadores de incompetencia venosa pélvica. El dolor crónico pelviano (DCP) se define como dolor abdominal o pelviano continuo o intermitente, que puede o no, estar asociado a los ciclos menstruales cuya duración es al menos entre tres a seis meses. Se estima una prevalencia entre 2,1% a 24% en mujeres entre 18 a 50 años.2 El DCP secundário a síndrome de congestión pelviana se caracteriza por agravarse tras largosperiodos de bipedestación y por mejorar al acostarse. Suele presentarse post-coito y entre 2 a 20 % de los casos pueden presentar várices en la vulva, especialmente en mujeres que tuvieron hijos. 12El diagnóstico suele ser un hallazgo por ecografía doppler de mujeres con várices en miembros inferiores o bien incidental en el contexto del estudio de enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, endometriosis, cistitis intersticial, dolor miofascial, neuralgia pélvica, y otras condiciones. TECNOLOGÍA: La embolización o escleroterapia de venas pelvianas consiste en introducir un catéter guiado por fluoroscospia a través de la vena femoral o vena yugular. Progresado el mismo hasta las venas dilatadas, se instila en el catéter una sustancia esclerosante (monómeros de cianoacrilato, detergentes como morruato sódico o tretradecilsulfato) o se colocan para la embolización pequeñas bobinas de metal (acero inoxidable o platino) cubiertas de sustancias que inducen la producción de coágulos sanguíneos. Ambos métodos tienen el objetivo de producir una esclerosis y/o trombosis de la vena. La vena dilatada ocluida deriva el flujo sanguíneo hacia otras venas pélvicas, disminuyendo los flujos turbulentos y el reflujo venoso. Esta técnica es realizada por un radiólogo intervencionista, con experiencia en la misma, y no requiere hospitalización. OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente informe es evaluar la evidencia disponible acerca de la eficacia, seguridad y aspectos relacionados a las políticas de cobertura del uso de embolización o escleroterapia de venas pelvianas en síndrome de congestión pelviana. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda en las principales bases de datos bibliográficas, en buscadores genéricos de internet, y financiadores de salud. Se priorizó la inclusión de revisiones sistemáticas (RS), ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados (ECAs), evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS), evaluaciones económicas, guías de práctica clínica (GPC) y políticas de cobertura de diferentessistemas de salud. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron estudios que comparen la embolización o escleroterapia de venas de región pelviana versus la ligadura de venas pelvianas por laparoscopía o versus el tratamiento médico (analgesia y reemplazo hormonal). Se incluyeron tres RS, una GPC, una evaluación de tecnologia sanitaria, y cinco informes de políticas de cobertura de tecnología para esta indicación. CONCLUSIONES: No se encontraron estudios que comparen la embolización o escleroterapia de venas de región pelviana versus la ligadura de venas pelvianas por laparoscopia o versus el tratamiento médico (analgesia y reemplazo hormonal) en el tratamiento del síndrome de congestión pelviana. Evidencia de muy baja calidad no permite concluir acerca de la efectividad y seguridad de esta tecnología. No se encontraron guías de práctica clínica específicas que den recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento del síndrome de congestión pelviana, solo la guía sobre el tratamiento de enfermedad venosa crónica de la Sociedad Americana de Cirugía Vascular, que la menciona como alternativa terapéutica. La mayoría de los financiadores latinoamericanos, estadounidenses y europeos no cubren esta tecnología por considerarla experimental. Un solo financiador estadounidense da cobertura solo cuando el dolor crónico pelviano no responde al tratamiento médico y ante el diagnóstico confirmado por venografía o resonancia magnética nuclear. Se desconoce la costo efectividad de esta tecnología en la indicación evaluada en la Argentina

The V-Block Occlusion Stent and Sclerotherapy Device for Varicose Vein Treatment: A Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The procedure aims to show our results with a novel nontumescent, nonthermal technique to treat varicose veins. The V-block occlusion stent is a minimally invasive device for treating reflux of the great saphenous vein (GSV). It is an office-based procedure that does not require tumescence anesthesia. The V-block stent is a self-expandable device that functions as a vein occluder and blood clot trap. Once the V-block is in place, further treatment of the saphenous vein such as ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy can be performed. The V-block device is intended to eliminate the possibility of forwarding passage of clot and sclerosant (embolization) to the deep and pulmonary circulations. METHODS: Patients were treated in an outpatient setting with the V-block occluding device. Follow-up was performed using duplex ultrasound to assess occlusion of the saphenous vein as well as the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire and Venous Severity Scoring to determine changes in quality of life after the procedure. Patients were followed up at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after V-block placement. Duplex scanning was performed to confirm GSV occlusion at all follow-up visits. After deployment of the occlusion stent, a maximum of 2% polidocanol foam was injected with a double barrel syringe which simultaneously evacuated blood from the greater saphenous vein. Follow-up assessment for safety included evaluation of potential complications, device migration, and potential injury at the deployment site. RESULTS: Fifty-one symptomatic subjects with documented GSV reflux were enrolled in the study. Complete occlusion of the GSV was achieved in 98% of the patients during the 7-day postprocedural visit. There was no injury at the deployment site. No migration of the V-block device was observed. No deep vein thrombosis or any other complication was recorded. One patient of the 50 patients and 51 procedures experienced an adverse event, phlebitis that resolved under conservative therapy within 4 days with no residual effect. There was a significant improvement in the Aberdeen Vein quality of life measurements and the pain scores. After 3 years, 18 patients were willing to undergo a duplex follow-up examination. The occlusion rate after 3 years was 77.8. There were no device-related complications after this period. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated a good safety and performance profile without any major adverse events. The primary end point of vein occlusion and obliteration was met.

Multimodal Management of Aggressive Recurrent Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Spine: Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Different treatment options have been proposed for aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) with sclerotherapy favored as primary treatment and surgery remaining the mainstay of treatment in case of compression of neural structures. Recurrent spinal ABCs are burdened by increased risk of spinal deformity and instability, further complicating the management of these cases. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 15-year-old boy presented with acute symptoms and signs of spinal cord compression due to a large thoracic ABC. Subtotal resection of the lesion achieved optimal decompression of neural structures with good neurologic recovery, but the remnant of the lesion rapidly grew with recurrent spinal cord compression after 40 days. The patient underwent total surgical resection with full neurologic recovery. Unfortunately, recurrence of the lesion was documented at 3-months' follow-up. This was successfully treated with percutaneous injection of hydroxyapatite cement. Two years' follow-up ruled out any further recurrence of the lesion. Furthermore, spinal deformity and instability were also excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous sclerotherapy with hydroxyapatite cement proved to be highly effective and safe in the treatment of spinal ABC, though surgery remains mandatory in case of spinal cord compression. The main advantage of sclerotherapy with hydroxyapatite cement seems to be the capacity to regenerate bone with normal radiologic features.

[Cryocompression sclerotherapy of reticular veins and teleangiectasias]. / Kriokompressionnaia skleroterapiia retikuliarnykh ven i teleangioéktazov.

Compression serves as an important component for carrying out successful and safe phlebosclerosing treatment. At the same time, the necessity of wearing compression hosiery or bandages is associated with known limitations and objections of patients, especially in a hot season. We comparatively assessed efficacy of usual compression stockings and a short-term pneumatic bandage with cryoelements while carrying out sclerosing treatment of dilated intradermal veins. Our open prospective observational study included a total of fifty 18-to-35-year-old women. After performing standardized sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias on the symmetrical portions of the lower limbs, a pneumatic cryocompression bandage with a pressure of 50 mmHg was applied onto one of the limbs for 15 minutes, with a class 2 compression (RAL standard) medical stocking put on the other limb to be worn by the patients at daytime for 10 days. We assessed completeness of obliteration of the target veins, frequency of the development of typical undesirable events (ecchymoses, phlebitides, hyperpigmentation and neovasculogenesis), as well as the composite discomfort score according to an 11-point visual analogue scale. It was determined that using the pneumatic bandage with cryoelements as compared with the traditional compression stockings significantly decreased the frequency of the development of typical undesirable events after phlebosclerosing treatment, such as formation of ecchymoses, phlebitides, hyperpigmentation and neovasculogenesis. Significance of differences was revealed as early as 7 days after sclerotherapy, to be increasing during further dynamic follow up. By convenience for the patients, the use of the short-term pneumatic cryobandage was four times better than wearing the compression stockings. A conclusion was drawn that while carrying out sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias short-term pneumatic cryocompression by efficacy and safety was not inferior to the traditional medical stockings (RAL standard) and made it possible to significantly decrease the incidence of the known undesirable events after phlebosclerosing treatment.

Catheter-directed Sclerotherapy for Ovarian Endometrioma: Short-term Outcomes.

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of catheter-directed sclerotherapy (CDS) with 95% ethanol in patients with primary or recurrent ovarian endometriomas. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, 14 participants (mean age, 32 years; range, 20-44 years) who underwent CDS for ovarian endometrioma from March 2015 to December 2017 were evaluated. Diagnosis was based on symptoms and imaging studies. To assess the impact of CDS on ovarian reserve, serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was measured before CDS and 6 months after CDS. Serum cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels were also measured at the same time points. Follow-up US was performed 1, 3, and 6 months after CDS and biannually thereafter to monitor potential cyst size change and recurrence. Comparison of AMH, CA-125, and cyst size before and after CDS was performed by using the paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Mean endometrioma size decreased from 5.8 cm ± 2.2 to 1.1 cm ± 1 (P ˂ .001). During a mean follow-up of 12.7 months (range, 6.1-23.0 months), there were no recurrences of endometrioma. Pain was relieved in all participants, with a decrease in serum CA-125 level (P = .001). There was no difference in serum AMH level before and 6 months after CDS, indicating well-preserved ovarian function (4.29 ng/mL ± 2.47 vs 4.36 ng/mL ± 1.94, respectively; P > .875). There were no procedure-related complications. Conclusion Catheter-based sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol can lead to better short-term clinical outcomes and well-preserved ovarian function for patients with endometriomas. © RSNA, 2018.

Transparent cap-assisted endoscopic sclerotherapy in esophageal varices: a randomized-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic treatment is widely accepted as the first-line therapy selection for esophageal variceal bleeding. Nevertheless, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy requires experienced endoscopists and is associated with a high risk of bleeding. Our study evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of transparent cap-assisted endoscopic sclerotherapy in the management of esophageal varices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized-controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary referral center from April 2015 to May 2016. Patients who received endoscopic sclerotherapy were randomized in a blinded manner into two groups: the transparent cap-assisted group (n=59) and the control group (n=61). RESULTS: The average injection sites were reduced in the transparent cap-assisted group compared with the control group (1.2±0.4 vs. 1.4±0.05, P=0.000), whereas no difference was observed in the dosage of lauromacrogol (16.97±4.91 vs. 16.85±4.57, P=0.662) and the hemorrhage that occurred during injection made no difference (50.8 vs. 61.0%, P=0.276); yet, salvage hemostasis methods were used in only nine patients in the transparent cap-assisted group compared with 17 patients in the control group (25.0 vs. 38.7%, P=0.0936). The cost of each procedure in the cap-assisted group was ¥2578 (1878-4202), whereas it was ¥3691 for the control group (2506-5791) (P=0.023). Moreover, in both groups, no esophageal constriction was observed during the 6-month follow-up period, whereas the rebleeding rate between two groups showed no statistical significance in 6 months (89.8 vs. 93.4%, P=0.563). CONCLUSION: Transparent cap-assisted sclerotherapy provided a clear field of vision and helped to fix the targeted veins, thus significantly reducing the use of the salvage hemostasis method during sclerotherapy injection hemorrhage. It is also associated with reduced injection sites and endoscopic therapy cost.

Influence of Syringe Volume on Foam Stability in Sclerotherapy for Varicose Vein Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Despite the popularity of sclerotherapy for treating varicose veins, it still exhibits various problems, such as pulmonary embolism, deep-vein thrombosis, phlebitis, and visual disorders. OBJECTIVE: To investigate syringe volume influence on foam stability, obtain the foam decay rule, and provide a reference for clinics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five types of syringes are used to prepare foam at room temperature with various liquid-gas ratios. Foam decay process experiments were performed 5 times and recorded by video. The stability indices used include drainage time, half-life, bubble diameter, bubble surface density, and drainage rate. RESULTS: The 30 and 2-mL syringes, respectively, recorded the highest and lowest drainage speeds. Foam drainage time and half-life, differences varied between 15 and 70 seconds, and 20 and 100 seconds, respectively. Foam bubble diameters were distributed over 0.1 to 2.0 mm with roughly 200 to 700 bubbles per square centimeter. CONCLUSION: Increased syringe volume causes the bubble diameter to increase. Thus, foam dispersion increases and foam half-life decreases; hence, foam becomes unstable. It is, thus, better to use a small syringe several times to prepare foam in clinics using segmented injections.

Role of dual red imaging to guide intravariceal sclerotherapy injection of esophageal varices (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dual red imaging (DRI) is a novel image-enhanced endoscopy technique that can increase the visibility and predict the depth of esophageal varices (EVs). The recurrence rate of EVs after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) reportedly decreases by intravariceal injection of a sclerosant. We evaluated prospectively whether the EIS success rate was increased by DRI compared with the white-light imaging (WLI) mode. METHODS: A total of 79 patients with EVs were randomly divided into the DRI (n = 40) and WLI (n = 39) groups. The primary endpoint was the success rate of intravariceal injection on the first EIS puncture. The secondary endpoint was the recurrence rate. A variable puncture needle was used, and the length was adjusted according to the EV visibility change by DRI. In the WLI group, DRI was not used. RESULTS: The success rate of the first puncture was significantly higher in the DRI group than in the WLI group (80.0% vs 46.2%; P = .0018). The cumulative recurrence rate was significantly lower in the DRI group (P = .031). The sum of the depth and luminal diameter of EVs was investigated by EUS. The Pearson correlation coefficient between this value and the needle length was higher in the DRI group than in the WLI group (r = 0.878 vs 0.603). CONCLUSIONS: DRI increased the EIS success rate and decreased the recurrence rate. This resulted from the puncture needle adjustment to the appropriate length via EV depth prediction by DRI.

Sclerotherapy for Rectal Varices by a Small-Bore Needle Puncture Through the Greater Sciatic Foramen.

PURPOSE: To report a sclerotherapy technique for rectal varices consisting of direct puncture of the superior rectal vein with a small-bore sheathed needle via the greater sciatic foramen without insertion of a sheath or catheter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective study were three consecutive patients who underwent embolization of rectal varices, two for rupture of rectal varices and one for hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. A 5% solution of ethanolamine oleate with iodinated contrast agent (5% EOI) was injected through puncture of the superior rectal vein and carried in the blood flow, after which n-butyl cyanoacrylate mixed with lipiodol (NBCA-Lip) was immediately injected to stop the blood flow. RESULTS: The 5% EOI and NBCA-Lip were successfully injected in all three patients. There was no movement of NBCA-Lip on plain radiographs or computed tomography (CT) immediately after injection, and the 5% EOI remained within the rectal varices. The mean procedure time was 53 min (42-60 min). On contrast-enhanced CT 1 month after the procedure, there was no contrast enhancement of the rectal varices that had been seen on preoperative CT in any of the three patients, confirming that the rectal varices had disappeared. CONCLUSION: Sclerotherapy for rectal varices using an approach for puncture of the superior rectal vein with a small-bore sheathed needle via the greater sciatic foramen was technically feasible and clinically effective.

Role of combined propofol and sufentanil anesthesia in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices.

AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of a combination of sufentanil and propofol injection in patients undergoing endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) for esophageal varices (EVs). METHODS: Patients with severe EVs who underwent EIS with sufentanil and propofol anesthesia between April 2016 and July 2016 at our hospital were reviewed. Although EIS and sequential therapy were performed under endotracheal intubation, we only evaluated the efficacy and safety of anesthesia for the first EIS procedure. Patients were intravenously treated with 0.5-1 µg/kg sufentanil. Anesthesia was induced with 1-2 mg/kg propofol and maintained using 2-5 mg/kg per hour of propofol. Information, regarding age, sex, weight, American Association of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) classification, indications, preanesthetic problems, endoscopic procedure, successful completion of the procedure, anesthesia time, recovery time, and anesthetic agents, was recorded. Adverse events, including hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, and hypoxia, were also noted. RESULTS: Propofol and sufentanil anesthesia was provided in 182 procedures involving 140 men and 42 women aged 56.1 ± 11.7 years (range, 25-83 years). The patients weighed 71.4 ± 10.7 kg (range, 45-95 kg) and had ASA physical status classifications of II (79 patients) or III (103 patients). Ninety-five patients had a CTP classification of A and 87 had a CTP classification of B. Intravenous anesthesia was successful in all cases. The mean anesthesia time was 33.1 ± 5.8 min. The mean recovery time was 12.3 ± 3.7 min. Hypotension occurred in two patients (1.1%, 2/182). No patient showed hypertension during the endoscopic therapy procedure. Bradycardia occurred in one patient (0.5%, 1/182), and hypoxia occurred in one patient (0.5%, 1/182). All complications were easily treated with no adverse sequelae. All endoscopic procedures were completed successfully. CONCLUSION: The combined use of propofol and sufentanil injection in endotracheal intubation-assisted EIS for EVs is effective and safe.

An update on the currently available nonthermal ablative options in the management of superficial venous disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous insufficiency affects millions of Americans with symptoms spanning a broad range. Saphenous incompetence resulting in chronic reflux is at the root of most disease and is amenable to surgical correction. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature on nonthermal ablative techniques using a MEDLINE (Ovid) search from January 2000 to August 2016. Only prospective studies and literature review articles in the English language were included for final analysis. RESULTS: A total of 358 unique articles were identified, with a total of 60 articles meeting the stated inclusion and exclusion criteria. Historically, nonthermal ablative techniques have not demonstrated clinical results on par with thermal ablative interventions. However, three newer nonthermal ablative techniques have become available for use in the United States. Review of the literature demonstrated significant improvements in nonthermal ablative results, with intermediate-term data suggesting improved durability. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in nonthermal ablative techniques have led to a developing role and acceptance in the primary management of varicose veins and venous insufficiency, even in the setting of challenging cases.

Practice patterns of endovenous ablation therapy for the treatment of venous reflux disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess practice patterns of endovenous ablation therapy for the treatment of venous reflux disease among the vein specialist members of the American Venous Forum (AVF). METHODS: An online survey was conducted of AVF members designed to identify demographics, treatment practices, and clinical variables in the selection of vein ablation devices. RESULTS: The survey was distributed to 798 practicing physicians, of whom 129 (16%) responded. The specialty distribution of respondents was as follows: vascular surgeons, 54%; phlebologists, 14%; general surgeons, 11%; interventional radiologists, 9%; and other specialties, 6%. The majority (81%) were from the United States, and 65% were self-employed. Almost half (47%) were in practice for >20 years, with 33% of all respondents performing three to five saphenous vein ablations per week. Three-quarters (79%) of respondents preferred radiofrequency ablation (RFA), with 47% believing that it was more cost-effective and more than half (57%) reporting improved patient satisfaction with this technique. Most of them (63%) responded that previous capital investment played a significant role in their choice of vein ablation device along with the associated cost of disposable equipment. A large majority (77%) of physicians responded that they had a significant role in choosing the treatment device, whereas only 17% thought that patients' choice played a major role in device choice. The capital investment affected choice of modality more significantly in newer practices (P < .0.5). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of AVF vein specialists prefer an RFA technique to laser, believing that RFA is associated with improved patient outcomes and is more cost-effective. Advances in technology, device costs, and reimbursement levels may have an impact on such preferences in the future.

New materials in embolizations.

Percutaneous, catheter-directed embolotherapy is an established interventional technique for the management of many vascular disorders. For more than three decades, typical embolization devices included macro and microcoils, polyvinyl alcohol microparticles, glue and certain liquids such as absolute alcohol. In the past decade, however, several new embolic devices and refinements of existing embolic devices have arrived on the market and a number of clinical studies have demonstrated their added value. In this review article, these new embolic devices and their typical indications will be discussed, as well as the results of studies involving the embolic devices.